What types of capabilities are identified as causing effects with targets?

The correct answer highlights the distinction between lethal and non-lethal capabilities in military operations. Lethal capabilities refer to those methods and resources that are designed to inflict destruction or harm directly to enemy forces, such as bombs, missiles, or firearms. In contrast, non-lethal capabilities include tools and strategies intended to disrupt or degrade an enemy’s mission or capabilities without resulting in physical destruction or loss of life. This can encompass electronic warfare, psychological operations, and other forms of influence that aim to alter behavior or degrade effectiveness through alternative means.

Understanding this dichotomy is critical for military planners as they assess how to achieve desired effects on targets while considering the operational environment and the implications of their actions. This differentiation helps in formulating strategies that align with the overarching goals of a mission, whether that's to neutralize a threat or to reduce collateral damage by employing non-lethal methods.